Even after the (partial) abolition of slavery, African-Americans were subject to judicial and extra-judicial execution, disproportionate punishment for an expanding range of offenses outlined by the black codes and the later Jim Crow Laws, and unpaid work in a convict leasing system that was, by some accounts, “worse than slavery.”
Angela Davis, Joy James and others have argued that the Thirteenth Amendment did not completely abolish slavery but rather reinscribed it within the US penal system by exempting convicted criminals from protection against slavery and allowing for the hyper-incarceration of African-Americans.
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